MEKONG
CAMBODIA
GMS Rehabilitation of the Railway in Cambodia
The Royal Cambodian Railway is already operational offering several services including passenger accommodation going to different destinations of Cambodia. In fact, large numbers of people who ride the train are tourists going to Sihanoukville, 221.7 km away from Phnom Penh. The place is known as Krong Preah Sihanouk and is popular for its beaches, tropical islands and the mangrove jungles of Ream National Park.
Cambodia Highway One Project
In December 1998, the Asian Development Bank (ADB) approved a $40-million loan from the Royal Government of Cambodia to rehabilitate the 105.5-km portion of the Highway One (also known as HW1). The road project aimed to boost both domestic and regional economies by accelerating mobilization of people, goods, and services.
According to the documents by the ADB, it would minimize the displacement of local villagers by realigning the road trace and constructing a by-pass to avoid densely populated areas, resulting in the relocation of a few households within the construction site.
CAMBODIA
Nam Ngiep 1 Hydropower Project
The 290 MW Nam Ngiep 1 Dam is being built upstream from the central Lao town of Pakxan, in the provinces of Bolikhamxay and Xaysomboun. More than 3000 people, who are primarily Hmong and Khmu, will be forced to resettle. However, many of the affected families living in the area that will be inundated by the reservoir do not consider the land available at the resettlement site or the compensation being offered for their land or assets as adequate. Upstream and downstream of the project site, villagers say they have not yet had access to clear, understandable information about the pending impacts and what plans are in place to mitigate these impacts.
The Nam Ngiep Power Company (NN1PC) is a consortium comprised of Japan’s Kansai Electric Power Company (45%), Thailand’s EGAT International Company (30%), and the Lao Holding State Enterprise (25%). Over 90% of the electricity to be generated will be for export to Thailand. Road construction for the dam site and logging at the site of the reservoir has begun, even though the environmental impact assessment and resettlement action plan are still being finalized. Pending financing, the dam is planned to be completed by 2018. The main storage dam will be 148m high, which will make it the highest dam in the country, and will have a 67 km2 reservoir.
The Asian Development Bank (ADB) approved a US $216 million private-sector loan for the company (Project 41924-014) despite clear violations of their safeguard provisions on the environment, involuntary resettlement, and Indigenous People. Japan's Bank for International Cooperation (JBIC) has also confirmed project financing equivalent to the US $197 million.
LAOS
The Tonle Sap River Initiative
The Tonle Sap River Basin is important to around two million Cambodians. Their livelihoods depend on its rich natural resources. The seasonal flooding provides spawning grounds for fish in the flooded forests. During the rainy season, communities could fish and cultivate rice at the same time in the flooded areas.
With its diverse natural resources, the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) and the government of Cambodia identified the Tonle Sap region as a biosphere region in 1997 and was designated by a Royal Decree in 2001.
Photo © Binh Dang Nam
THAILAND
THAILAND
Samut Prakarn Wastewater Management Project (SPWMP)
ADB’s stake in the project is one-third (US$230 million) of the total cost (US$687 million). The plant is co-financed by the Thai Government (59% of total cost) and the Japan Overseas Economic Cooperation Fund (now the Japan Bank for International Cooperation). Prior to this major loan, ADB has already extended grants to study alternatives in mitigating the deteriorating environment in the province of Samut Prakarn focusing on water quality. The result of such a study was the recommendation of a central wastewater treatment plant that will be built on each side of the Chao Phraya River.